Compostable vs. Biodegradable vs. Recyclable—What’s the Difference?

If you’ve ever stared at a product label wondering what to do with the packaging—compost it? recycle it? throw it away?—you’re not alone. Words like compostable, biodegradable, and recyclable are often used interchangeably, but they mean very different things when it comes to how something breaks down and where it should go.

Let’s clear up the confusion once and for all.

♻️ Recyclable: Give It a Second Life

What It Means:

A recyclable item is made from materials that can be collected, processed, and turned into new products.

Common Examples:

• Paper & cardboard

• Glass jars & bottles

• Aluminum cans

• Certain plastics (usually #1 and #2)

What to Know:

• Recyclables must be clean and dry—contaminated items (like greasy pizza boxes) often end up in the landfill.

• Not all plastics are recyclable in every area. Always check local guidelines.

• Recycling doesn’t mean “zero waste,” but it’s an important part of the circular economy.

🌱 Biodegradable: Breaks Down Over Time (But Not Always Safely)

What It Means:

Biodegradable materials are capable of breaking down naturally by microorganisms like bacteria or fungi. However, there’s no guarantee how long it takes or what’s left behind.

Common Examples:

• Some paper products

• Certain bioplastics

• Food scraps

What to Know:

• Biodegradable items can still release microplastics or toxic residues.

• “Biodegradable” ≠ “compostable.” The term is unregulated and often used for greenwashing.

• Many biodegradable items won’t break down properly in landfills due to lack of oxygen and moisture.

🌿 Compostable: Made to Return to the Earth

What It Means:

Compostable products are designed to break down into non-toxic, natural elements like water, CO₂, and nutrient-rich compost—without leaving harmful residue.

Common Examples:

• Food scraps

• Owlpack Yucksack Bags (certified compostable!)

• Uncoated paper towels or napkins

• Compostable utensils and packaging (when certified)

What to Know:

• Compostable items require specific conditions to decompose—home compost or industrial compost sites.

• Look for certifications like BPI, TÜV, or ASTM D6400.

• Composting is the cleanest end-of-life solution when done correctly.

Quick Comparison Chart

Final Thought: Read the Fine Print

Sustainability is about making informed choices. Next time you’re holding a takeout box, product wrapper, or trash bag, take a second look. Is it certified compostable like Owlpack’s Yucksack Bags? Truly recyclable? Or just greenwashed as “biodegradable”?

Knowing the difference helps keep contamination out of the waste stream and ensures your good intentions actually help the planet.